{"id":4127,"date":"2022-07-12T15:45:20","date_gmt":"2022-07-12T19:45:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/?p=4127"},"modified":"2022-07-15T11:39:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-15T15:39:32","slug":"demystifying-cloud-native-data-management-layers-of-operation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/demystifying-cloud-native-data-management-layers-of-operation\/","title":{"rendered":"Demystifying Cloud-Native Data Management: Layers of Operation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4133\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18.jpg\" alt=\"Demystifying Cloud-Native Data Management: Layers of Operation\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18.jpg 800w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18-600x300.jpg 600w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18-162x81.jpg 162w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/MicrosoftTeams-image-18-360x180.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>This is part of Solutions Review\u2019s Premium Content Series, a collection of contributed columns written by industry experts in maturing software categories. In this submission, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kasten by Veeam<\/a> Gaurav Rishi highlights the four key layers of cloud-native data management and layers of operation.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3560 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2021\/12\/SR-Premium-Content.gif\" alt=\"SR Premium Content\" width=\"105\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2021\/12\/SR-Premium-Content.gif 105w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2021\/12\/SR-Premium-Content-77x81.gif 77w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 105px) 100vw, 105px\" \/>As <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/cloud-platforms\/container-management-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">containerized applications<\/a><\/strong><\/span> go through an accelerated pace of adoption, Day 2 services have become a here and now problem. These <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/tackling-global-demand-for-kubernetes-backup-dr-and-application-mobility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Day 2 services<\/a> include <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/data-management-data-warehouse-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data management functions<\/a><\/strong><\/span> such as <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/backup-disaster-recovery\/get-a-free-backup-and-disaster-recovery-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backup and disaster recovery<\/a><\/strong><\/span> along with application mobility. In this new world of containerized cloud-native applications, microservices use multiple data services (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/kubernetes-backup-and-restore-on-mongodb-using-kasten-k10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MongoDB<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/kubernetes-backup-and-dr-using-rook-1-4-and-ceph-3-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redis<\/a>, Kafka, etc.) and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-storage\/data-storage-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storage technologies<\/a><\/strong><\/span> to store state and are typically deployed in multiple locations (regions, clouds, on-premises).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this environment, where <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/posts\/why-vm-based-data-management-doesnt-work\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legacy infrastructure or hypervisor-based solutions don\u2019t work<\/a>, what are the right constructs for designing and implementing these data management functions for cloud-native applications? How should you reason about the various <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/data-management-vendor-map-a-guide-to-the-best-data-management-tools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data management options<\/a><\/strong><\/span> provided by <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-storage\/data-storage-solutions-directory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">storage vendors<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, data services vendors, and cloud vendors to decide the right approach for your environment and needs? This piece dives under the covers and addresses the pros and cons of various data management approaches across several attributes including consistency, storage requirements, and performance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Defining a Vocabulary To start, we\u2019ll deconstruct and simplify a stack to show where the data may reside in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/tag\/data-protection\/demystifying-cloud-native-data-management-layers-of-operation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cloud-native application<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"widget\"><div class=\"aside-card\">\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><a class=\"speedbump\" href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/data-management-data-warehouse-buyers-guide\/\" title=\"Download link to Data Management Buyers Guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1682\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2019\/01\/data-management-speedbump-cta.jpg\" alt=\"Download Link to Data Management Buyers Guide\" width=\"800\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4128 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"Kasten Diagram 1\" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV-367x300.jpg 367w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV-99x81.jpg 99w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV-220x180.jpg 220w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_jX3xI1rFSoVV.jpg 604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>When thinking of data management, we could be operating on one (or more!) of the layers shown in the figure above. Let\u2019s enumerate these layers:<\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. Physical Storage<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4129 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft-300x251.jpg\" alt=\"Kasten Diagram 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft-358x300.jpg 358w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft-97x81.jpg 97w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft-215x180.jpg 215w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_eqsrifmKW8ft.jpg 602w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This layer includes various storage hardware options that can store state in non-volatile memory with a choice of physical media ranging from NVMe and SSD devices to spinning disks and even tape. They come in different form factors including arrays and stand-alone rack servers.<\/p>\n<p>Physical storage could be located:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>On-premises, where you may encounter storage hardware from vendors such as <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-storage\/the-best-external-hard-drives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seagate<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-storage\/the-best-western-digital-external-hard-drives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Digital<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, and Micron.<\/li>\n<li>In a managed cloud provider\u2019s data centers. While you may never encounter a physical device, you know it\u2019s there giving that &#8220;cloud&#8221; gravity!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. File and Block Storage<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4130 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y-300x234.jpg\" alt=\"Kasten Diagram 3\" width=\"300\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y-385x300.jpg 385w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y-104x81.jpg 104w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y-231x180.jpg 231w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yzgUX9uxcj3y.jpg 617w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This software layer provides File or Block level constructs to enable efficient read and write operations from the underlying physical storage. In both cases (file and block), the underlying storage could be stand-alone (local disks) or a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/network-monitoring\/get-a-free-network-monitoring-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shared networked resource<\/a><\/strong><\/span> (NAS or SAN).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Block storage implementations allow you to create raw storage volumes from local or remote disks that have low latency and are accessible through protocols such as iSCSI and FiberChannel. Block storage implementations on cloud providers include Amazon EBS and GCE Persistent Disks.<\/li>\n<li>File Storage provides shared storage for file semantics and operations using protocols such as NFS and SMB. File storage implementations commonly found on-premises include products from NetApp and Dell EMC. File storage implementations on cloud providers include Amazon EFS, Google Cloud Filestore, and Azure Files.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This layer often provides <a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/storage\/volume-snapshots\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snapshotting<\/a> capabilities to make a point-in-time copy of your volume for protection. Also, in Kubernetes environments, this layer provides <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/tag\/data-management\/rook-ceph-csi-kubernetes-and-k10-an-all-in-one-stateful-experience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Container Storage Interface (CSI)<\/a> drivers to normalize the APIs that higher layers can exercise to call out snapshotting functions. Note that not all implementations of CSI are created equal in terms of the supported capabilities.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>3. Data Services<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4131 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND-300x238.jpg\" alt=\"Kasten Diagram 4\" width=\"300\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND-379x300.jpg 379w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND-102x81.jpg 102w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND-227x180.jpg 227w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_twlU0Ma3qqND.jpg 607w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This layer resides on top of the file\/block storage implementation. It provides various database implementations as well as an increasingly popular storage type, namely object (aka blob) storage. This is the layer that applications typically interface with and the choice of the underlying database implementations is based on the workloads and business logic. With microservices-based applications, <a href=\"https:\/\/martinfowler.com\/bliki\/PolyglotPersistence.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">polyglot persistence<\/a> is the norm since every microservice picks the most appropriate data service for the job at hand.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the database types and a subset of example implementations include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SQL Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>NoSQL Databases:<\/li>\n<li>Key-Value Stores: Redis, BerkeleyDB<\/li>\n<li>Time-series Databases: InfluxDB, Prometheus<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/the-best-graph-databases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Graph Databases<\/a><\/strong><\/span>: Neo4j, GraphDB<\/li>\n<li>Wide-column stores: Cassandra, Azure Cosmos<\/li>\n<li>Document stores: MongoDB, CouchDB<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Message Queues: Kafka, RabbitMQ, Amazon SQS<\/li>\n<li>Object Stores1: Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kasten.io\/kubernetes\/resources\/blog\/kasten-and-minio-secure-kubernetes-backup-at-scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Minio<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are also several hosted implementations of these databases, commonly referred to as Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) systems. These typically include one of the database categories listed above and can sometimes provide auto-scaling along with the consumption economics of an as-a-Service (-aaS) business. Examples of DBaaS systems include Amazon RDS, MongoDB Atlas, and Azure SQL.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From the perspective of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/backup-disaster-recovery\/get-a-free-data-protection-buyers-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data protection<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, each one of the database implementations provides a specific set of utilities (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/10\/app-pgdump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pg_dump<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/wal-e\/wal-e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WAL-E<\/a> for PostgreSQL, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mongodb.com\/docs\/database-tools\/mongodump\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mongodump<\/a> for MongoDB, etc.) to backup and restore data. It is important to note that there are many utilities available with widely varying capabilities in terms of consistency, recovery granularity, and speed. They are usually restricted to a particular database implementation or, at best, a database type regardless of whether they are provided as a standalone utility or as a part of an -aaS offering.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>4. Stateful Application<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4132 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF-300x233.jpg\" alt=\"Kasten Diagram 5\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF-386x300.jpg 386w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF-104x81.jpg 104w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF-232x180.jpg 232w, https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2022\/07\/oie_yMJbCjzu3XsF.jpg 614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The application layer is where the business logic resides and, in the cloud-native world, applications are typically based on modern agile development methodologies and implemented as distributed microservices. Almost all applications have state that needs to persist. While there are several patterns of storing application state, we need to persist and protect the following information in the context of a stateful Kubernetes application as an atomic unit:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Application Data: Across various Data Services, Block, and File storage implementations spread across multiple containers.<\/li>\n<li>Application Definition and Configuration: Application image and the associated environment configuration spread across various Kubernetes objects including <a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/configure-pod-container\/configure-pod-configmap\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ConfigMaps<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/configuration\/secret\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Secrets<\/a>, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Other Configuration State: Including CI\/CD pipeline state, release information and associated <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/helm\/charts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Helm deployment metadata<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is important to note that, for real-world deployments, the application is composed of hundreds of these underlying components. Also, in a cloud-native construct, the unit of atomicity for protection needs to be the application vs. the underlying data service or storage infrastructure layer. As enumerated earlier, this is because an application&#8217;s state includes the application data, definition, and configuration that is spread across multiple physical or virtual nodes and data services.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Final Thoughts<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From a backup\/recovery and application portability perspective, a good <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/data-management-solutions-directory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data management solution<\/a><\/strong><\/span> needs to treat the entire application as the unit of atomicity, rendering traditional hypervisor-centric solutions obsolete. We also illustrated a simple stack diagram to show where the application state actually resides from the perspective of various data services, block, and file stores as well as physical storage across both on-premises and cloud implementations. This defines a basic vocabulary that allows us to dive under the covers of the layers of operations of cloud data management.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"widget\"><div class=\"aside-card\">\t\t\t<div class=\"textwidget\"><p><a class=\"speedbump\" href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/data-management-vendor-map-a-guide-to-the-best-data-management-tools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1682\" src=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/files\/2019\/01\/data-management-vendor-map-sb-cta.jpg\" alt=\"Download Link to Data Management Vendor Map\" width=\"800\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is part of Solutions Review\u2019s Premium Content Series, a collection of contributed columns written by industry experts in maturing software categories. In this submission, Kasten by Veeam Gaurav Rishi highlights the four key layers of cloud-native data management and layers of operation. As containerized applications go through an accelerated pace of adoption, Day 2 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":220,"featured_media":4133,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1290,1291,613],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Demystifying Cloud-Native Data Management: Layers of Operation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kasten by Veeam Gaurav Rishi highlights the four key layers of cloud-native data management and layers of operation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/solutionsreview.com\/data-management\/demystifying-cloud-native-data-management-layers-of-operation\/\" \/>\n<meta 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